Method of vulcanizing rubber.



R. B. PRICE.

METHOD 0F VULCANIZING RUBBER. APPLICATION FILED 0m13.191s.

1,237,554v Patented Aug. 21, 1917.

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R. B. PRICE.

METHOD 0F VULCANIZING RUBBER.

Patented Aug. 21, 1917.

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\ BAYMQND B. PRICE,

OF NEW YORK, IN'.l Y., SSIGNOR TORUBBER REGENERATING COMPANY, .l CORPORATION Fy ENDIANA.

METHOD 0F VULCANIZING RUBBER.

Specication of ."Letters Patent.

Patented Aug. 21, i917.

original application mea Maren s, 1905, serial No. 243,244. nivideaand this application mea December 313,191.3. Serial No. 806,380.

To all wzom z't may concer/n.'

Be it known that I, RAYMOND B. PRICE, a -Citizen of the United States, and a resident of New York, county and State of Newv York, have invented certain new and useful improvements-in the Methods of Vulcanizing Rubber, of which the following is a full, clear, and exact description.

The present application is a division'of an earlier application filed by me in the United States Patent Office March 3, 1905, Serial No. 248,244.

The invention seeks to provide an improved method of vulcanizing rubber by electricityvand consists in the features of n novelty hereinafter set forth and particulaIl ointed out in the appended claims. L hlle the present improved method is susceptible of use in vulcanizing various rubber articles, the invention relates more especially to the vulcanization of thin layers of sheets of rubber (under which term are included articles coated or impregnated with rubber) such as belting, packing and 'likgl rubber goods. In order that the salient points of the invention may be more readily' understood, I would briefly compare its advantages with the method now most commonly employed in the vulcanization of n belting, packing and similar goods. Heretofore, belting, packing and such like rubber goods as are of relatively small thickness and of considerable length have been vulcanized either by clamping one section after another of the beltin or like strip between steam-heated press p ates until the entire length of the strip was vulcanized; or, the vulcanization has been effected by,winding the strip around a drum, togetherwith a sheet of lead foil or other flexible metal, so

that the rubber would form a series of layers in spiral arrangement about the drum, each layer of the rubber being separated from the next by a layer of the coiled metallic sheet. The strip of rubber belting andV The metal strip served to impart a smooth nish to the rubber, and served also to give the necessary pressure and to conduct the heat to the interior of the mass; but this distribution of the heat from the exterior to the interior, through the medium of the metal strip, is in practice most tedious and dangerous, owing to the lack of uniformity of vulcanization incident thereto. Obviously, the outside portions or edges of the coiled strips receive the greatest heat and, as the result, the corresponding parts of the rub-- ber are apt to be over-vulcanized long before the interior is vulcanlzed to any appreciable or beneficial extent. So, also, this old process is necessarily a slow and tedious one, because, to insure anything like satisfactory results the heating of the mass must occur under a very gradual'rise of temperature and must continue for many hours. These disadvantages of the old process have long been recognized, and yet the fact remains that millions of pounds of rubber are vulcanized annually in such crude and unsatisfactory manner. Occasionally, the vulcanization of belting or like material, in strip form, is eifected bythe combination of the press and coiled strip methods above described and, in such case, the spiral or coiled strip treatment is ordinarily first used to set the edges of the rubber strip, after which the strip would be run through a press to effect a more uniform finishing cure. This combination method, however, obviously increases the labor of handling and the quantity of steam required; and the press method of vulcanization itself is uneven where the sectionally cured or vulcanized parts meet.

With the methods above described, there is also an immense heat loss due to the condensation of steam through radiation, conduction and convection from the pipes, presses and vulcanizers, even when precaution is taken to cover the parts with nonconductors, the loss of steam being many times in excess of the steam actually required to furnish the heat for the chemical reaction involved in the actual vulcanization of the rubber.

My present invention not only effects a vast saving inheat and thus insures a corresponding economy in practice, but it enables the vulcanization of the rubber to be effected much more uniformly and in a far shorter time and with much less labor than is possible with any prior method known to the art. Thus, considering my method as applied to the vulcanization of rubber strips designed for belting, packing, or the like, the invention consists in coiling together the sheet to be vulcanized and a thin sheet of flexibleA metal,- and in passing an electric current through the metal coil of sufficient intensity and for the proper length of time to insure the vulcanization of the rubber. In this way the heat, due to the passage of an electric current, is delivered at the same time to all parts of the metal strip, and, as a result, every part of the rubber strip is subjected for the same length of time to the action of the heat. The advantages of thus vulcanizing the rubber in strip form will be readily recognized by those familiar with the art, and will be more readily understood from a consideration of the following description.

When the metal strip and the strip of rubber to be vulcanized are coiled together, the result is a mass comprising plural plies or thicknesses of rubber with intermediate layers of metal electrically heated; and this feature of disposing the rubber to be vulcanized in plural plies between plural layers of metal to be heated, can be availed of in various ways as, for example, by folding the metal strip in zig-zag fashion upon itself with vthe rubber to be vulcanized disposed between the folds of the strip, or, by employing a plurality of individual metal strips or plates in electrical circuit with the rubber to be vulcanized interposed between such strips or plates.

In order to effect the proper distribution of the heat throughout the metal strip or plate, I provide the strip or plate at the ends or opposite points at which the electrical terminals are connected with suitable distributers adapted to cause the electric current to traverse evenly the whole body of the strip and by so doing to more uniformly heat the entire strip than would occur if the electric terminals were joined directly to the strip or plate. By this means also the danger of burning that part of the strip adjacent the electrical terminals is avoided. This feature of my invention will be found of advantage in many situations in which the heating of a very thin strip of metal is to be effected in securing the vulcanization of rubber articles. Thus, for example, in vulcanizing rubber articles within molds, the mold may be lined with a thin sheet of metal, properly insulated from the mold (if lthe latter be formed of metal) and, to insure the proper distribution of the electric current throughout the lining of the mold, those portions of the llining adjacent the electrical terminals will be provided with suitable means for distributing the electric current.

In practice, it frequently occurs that certain parts of a rubber article to be vulcanized need to be subjected to a higher degree of heat than other parts. Thus, for example, in the manufacture of belting, if it is vdesired to join together several strips` in order to form practically a single strip of considerable length, the ends of the strips will be spliced and united by rubber cement, which will be vulcanized at the time that theremaining portions of the strips are vulcanized; but, obviously, a greater amount of heat will be required to effect the vulcanization of the spliced ends of the strips with the intermediate layer of rubber cement, than is necessary for the remaining portions of the strip. In order to effect a substantially uniform vulcanization, at the same time, of the whole rubber strip-including the united end portions-I provide that part of the metal plate or strip that is to come opposite the spliced end portions of the rubber strips with means for increasing the resistance at such point to the passage of the electric current, thereby correspondingly increasing the temperature at such point. This increase of temperature at any predetermined point -of themetal strip may be effected in a variety of ways, as, for example, by decreasing the area of the metal strip at such point, (which may be done by making the plate thinner, or by forming it 100 with cut-away spaces), or by interposing in the metal strip` at such point a'metal of greater resistance. This feature of the invention will be found of advantage also in vulcanizing a variety of rubber articles- 105 such for example, as corrugated rubber mats, corrugated rubber tires, or the like, where the thicker portions of the rubber need to be subjected to a higher heat in order to insure their vulcanization in the 110 same length of time in which the vulcanization of the thinner portions is effected.

Referring to the accompanying drawings, Figure l is a view in vertical section on line 1-1 of Fig. 2, showing an apparatus for 115 effecting the vulcanization of a strip or strips of rubber designed for the manufac ture of belting, packing, or the like. Fig. 2 is a view in central vertical section through Fig. l, Fig. 3 is an enlarged longitudinal 120 sectional view of a portion of the metal heating strip. Fig. 4 is a View in elevation of a press provided with lateral heating plates for vulcanizing rubber in molds. Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view through two 125 pressure plates showing a modified form of heating plate. Fig. 6 is a detail side view of a heating plate embodying my invention. Fig. 7 is a view in elevation of clamping jaws holding a heating plate against a sec- 130 incassa tion of rubber belting'. FigrS is a view im cross section through a rubber tire having heating plates shown in Fig. 6 applied thereto. Figs.9 and 10 are views in plan and vertical section, respectively, of a mold having a lining plate embodying my invention.

Referring to the apparatus shown upon y sheet l of the drawings-and which is more especially designed for the vulcanization of rubber belting, packing, or the like-A designates a frame, the Sides whereof are provided with journal bearings a for support ing the ends of the mandrel D. This mandrel may be provided at one end with a gear Wheel b whereby it may be turned the usual mannen As the mechanism 'for turning the mandrel to coil or uncoil the material Wound thereon forms no part of the presentinvention, it is not deemed necessary to illustrate such mechanism in the drawings. As shown, the mandrel. D has a Wooden casing C adapted to set over the square central portion of the mandrel D; and this Wooden portion C of the mandrel is preferably covered with a metal (prefer ably copper) tube c to which one of the terminals 2 of the' electric circuit 3 will be connected. This metal strip c constitutes an electrical distributer and against it will bear the inner end d of the metal strip or plate D through whichthe electric current will be passed to insure the heating of the rubber strip to be vulcanized. The metal strip or plate' D, which will be of thin, flexible metal-for example, aluminum-.- will be coiled upon the mandrel, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawings, and be tween the coils or layers of the metal strip Will be correspondingly coiled the layers of the rubber strip E from Which the belting, packing, or the like, is to be formed. rlhe outer end of the metal strip D is pro-4 vided With a distributer plate or bar li` (preferably of copper) extending from side to side of the strip, and to this distributer bar F Will be connected the terminal d of the electric circuit 3. When the strip of metal D and the strip of rubber E have been thus coiled together, a suitable band or strip Gr will be fastened 'about the coil in order to prevent the uncoiling of the strips. Preferably, the coiled strips D' and E will be inclosed by a suitable covering to prevent the loss of heat during the vulcanizling operatioh. "As shown, a casing H, preferably of some non-conducting material, or of metal lined with a non-conducting material, is employed for preventing the loss of heat from the coils and, preferably, this 'tests made with the invention.

plate for joining it to the opposite electri cal terminal d. -A thermometer 6 may extend through the casing H in order to indicate the temperature therein. Vlhen the strip of metal D and rubber have been coiled together, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, electric current from the dynamo 8 or other suitable source will be passed through the metal strip or plate D. rlhe strip D being thus heated, will impart to all portions of the rubber strip .E thev heat necessary to edect the vulcanization of the rubber. Manifestly, the degree of heat and the duration of the vulcanizing operation Will vary with varying conditions. rl`hus, the different qualities of the rubber-or rubber compounds, and di'erent thicknesses of the rubber strips, Will require exposure to different degrees of heat, or for diderent lengths of time.v So, also, the character of the plate D, c'. e., the particular metal of which is formed, its thickness, etc., will correspondingly aiiect the period during Which the process of vulcanization will eX- tend. As best illustrating how such variations as those above mentioned would affeet the period of vulcanization, li may mention a Vfew of the iirst experimental Thus, for example, to vulcanize a strip of rubber packing of high grade stock, 5 feet long, g of an inch 'thick and about 7 inches vvide, ll have employed an aluminum strip 5 -feet long, inches Wide and 8/1000 of an inch thick, this strip and the strip of Arubber belting being Wound about a copper rod about l inch thick, against which the aluminum strip bore and which served as an electrical distributer for the inner end of the rubber was found to be perfectly and uniformly vulcanized throughout. 1n such. treatment, the coiled strips of rubber and aluminum were covered with an asbestos jacket which served to better retain the heat during the vulcanizing operation. During this vulcanizing operation the temperature within the asbestos covering, that inclosed the coiled metal and rubber, rose from that of the room, viz: Fahrenheit to 285 Fahrenheit. Another eXperimental test was the following, viz: A strip of rubber packing of cheap stock, about 7 inches wide, g of an inch thick and 5 feet long, was subjected to the heating action of an aluminum strip 5 feet long, 7 inches wide and 22/1000 of an inch thick. In this case the rubber and metal strips were coiled together on a copper rod such as above described, and the outer end of the aluminum strip was provided with a copper distributer like that above mentioned. An electric current of 639 amperes and having a potential of 1.13 volts, was passed through the metal strip for 32 minutes, at the end of which time the strips were immediately uncoiled and the rubber was found to be perfectly vulcanized. During the vulcanizing period of 32 minutes the temperature adjacent the coiled strips, which were surrounded by an asbestos covering to prevent radiation, rose from the temperature of the room, viz: 7 0 Fahrenheit to 300 Fahrenheit. Manifestly, the period of `fulcanization may be materially shortened by increasing the rate at which the current is delivered through the metal plate. In another instance I have vulcanized a strip of rubber packing of cheap stock, about 5 feet long. 7 inches wide and lg of an inch thick, coiled together with an aluminum strip 5 feet long, 7 inches wide and 22/1000 of ar.- inch thick, with electrical distributers at its ends, such as above. de-

scribed, in a period of twelve minutes. In.

such last mentioned case the electrical current passed through the metal strip was of 825 amperes and having a potential of 1.44 volts. In this last mentioned test, however, the asbestos covering was retained about the coiled strips for about four minutes after the electrical current had been cut off. In the several above mentioned tests a (S0-cycle alternating current, passed through a transformer, was employed.

From the foregoing it will be readily seen that the period of vulcanization can be increased or shortened by correspondingly varying the strength of the electric current, regardless of all other conditions. rl`he apparatus illustrated upon sheet 1 of the drawings is designed for effecting the vulcanization of rubber belting, packing, or the like, upon a commercial scale and, with such apparatus, the length of the rubber strip and the length of the thin metal plate coiled therewith will be about the same as in the vcoiled method of vulcanizlng by steam hereinbefore described. In using this apparatus, the strip of belting and the thin strlp or plate of metal will be coiled about the mandrel, as indicated in the drawing, after which the sections of the casing H will be placed in position as shown, the electric current will be connected with the electric disweasel trbuters at the ends of the metal strip or plate and current will then be caused to iiow through the plate to effect the vulcanization of the lrubber strip. In Fig. 3 of the drawing, there is illustrated upon an enlarged scale a longitudinal section of a portion of the metal strip to show one way in which the resistance of portions of the metal strip may be increased in order to create at such point or points a higher degree of heat for the purpose of vulcanizing the thicker portions of the rubber strip. Thus, in Fig. 3, the metal strip D is shown as formed with a short, thinner section D that will offer greater resistance to the passage of the electric current and will, hence, create at such point a greater degree of heat. In coiling the strip of rubber about the mandrel, the spliced ends of the rubber strip sections that are united by rubber cement will be arranged coincident with the thinned portion D of the metal strip. The result will be that when electric current is passed through the metal strip a higher degree of heat will be imparted to the spliced end portions of the rubber strip and their vulcanizetion will be effected in the same manner with the remaining thinner portions of such strip. Obviously, the feature of my invention that consists in forming the heating strip at different points with sections of different electrical resistance is susceptible of wide application, as will hereinaftermore fully appear.

In Fig. 4.-l of the accompanying drawings, 100 features of my invention are illustrated in connection with a press that is shown as applied to the heating of molds containing the rubber articles to be vulcanized, the molds being heated by the'passage of electric cur- 105 rent through plural layers of thin metal plates. In Fig. 4, 10 designates the platen and 11 denotes the head of a press that may be of any suitable construction. The molds K containing the articles of rubber to be 110 vulcanized, are placed between the thin metal plates D2. The plates D2 are suitably insulated from the platen and head of the press, (if those be of metal), by sheets 12 of insulating material, and similar sheets 115 of insulating material will be interposed between one side of each mold and the adjacent metal plate D2 to prevent the short circuiting of the electric current through the molds. The several plates D2 might be 120 formed of one continuous sheet arranged in zig-zag manner, or, as shown in the drawings, individual plates may be employed. These individual plates D2 are of thin metal and are provided at their ends with electric 125 distributers d and d2. One of the electric distributers of the lowermost plate is connected to one of the electric wires 8 and the corresponding distributer at the end of the uppermost plate is similarly connected to 130 inesatta the electric wire IThe distributers ofc the several plates D? are connected together, as shown, by suitable plates or wires d3, to insure the passage of the current through the several plates between which the molds l are disposed. From the foregoing description it will be seen that when the molds K are filled with the rubber to be vulcanized, they will be piled one above the other with the heating plates interposed between the molds and the platen l0 of the press will be raised so as to tightly hold the heating plates against the molds. Current will then be passed through the several heating plates to effect the vulcanization of the rubber articles contained within the molds.

ln Fig. 5 there is illustrated the application of the invention to the vulcanization of a corrugated rubber mat. ln this gure of the drawings, l5 and 16 denote respectively' two surfaces (for example, -the head and aplaten of a press) between which the rubber mat to be vulcanized will be held. rllhe rubber mat D4 has its lower surface corrugated, with the result that the mat is of diderent thicknesses at diierent points. 'The metal plate M is insulated from the platen i6 (it the platen be of metal) by a plate l'? of insulating material. Under the mat D4 is placed a corrugated metal plate M, provided at its end with bars, preferably of copper, forming electrical distributers, to which bars the wires 3 and l of the electric circuit will be connected. inasmuch as the metal plate M has one of its surfaces corrugated it is obvious that different parts of the corrugated plate will have dierent degrees oit heat imparted thereto. rlhe thinner portions of the plate M, which come opposite the thicker portions of the rubber mat Dt, will oi'er a greater resistance to t-he passage of electric current than the thicker portions of rthe plate M and, hence, will be more highly heated than the thicker portions of the metal plate opposite the different portions of the corrugated mat. Hence, it will be seen that when electric current is passed through the plate M, those portions of the plate opposite the thicker portions of the mat D? will impart a higher degree of heat to the thicker portions o the mat than is imparted to the thinner portions of the mat by the thicker parts of the plate and, hence, the entire body of the mat can be uniformly vulcanized within a com aratively short time.

ln Fig. 6 the metal plate Di is shown as provided at its opposite ends with electrical distributers 20 and 21 connected respectively to the terminal portions 3 and fl ot the circuit wires, these distributers 20 and 2l being preferably copper bars. In Fig. 7 the plate Dls is shown as applied to the vuloanizing of a section of a rubber belt N, as, for example, the lapped and cemented ends ot an endless belt. s shown, the belt N and the plate D5 are held between the jaws 22 and material are shown as interposed between the jaws 272 and 2S. W hen electric current is passed through the plate D5, the requisite heat will be imparted to the section of the belt N to elilect is vulcanization, or the vulcanization of the rubber, whereby its lapping ends are joined. ln Fig. 8 the plate D5 is shown as applied to the vulcanization of part or a rubber tire P. rl`his application of the invention will be found particularly advantageous in the repairing of rubber tires that have become cracked or punctured. As shown in Fig. 8, the plate D5 is bent around the injured portion of the tire (to which rubber cement and the patch have been applied) and the plate D5 is held tightly about the surface of the tire l? by means ot' a strap p that passes around the plate D?, the tire l? and the rim 26 of the wheel. By passing electric current through the plate, the requisite degree of heat can be imparted thereto to edect the vulcanication of the rubber cement that has been applied to tie injured portion of the tire.

ln Figs. 9 and l0 ot the drawings, features olf my invention are shown as applied to the vulcanization of rubber articles with in molds. ln these gures lt designates the body of the mold, the cavity ol" which is lined with a layer 1' of insulating material Whereon is placed the thin metal lining plate D6. As shown, the insulating lining r extends as at r through the ends of the mold and on these extensions fr of the insulating lining rest the shanks 27 of the electric distributers 28 (preferably of copper) that are attached to the plate metal lining D6 of the mold. Theolining plate D6 will, of course, have imparted thereto the shape or conliguration required to be given to the molded article ot rubber, and when the rubber article has been placed in the mold, current will be caused to pass by the wires 3 and 4L through the electrical distributers and through the metal plate D", until the vulcanization ot the rubber within the mold is effected. The lining plate D@ may be 'formed in any of the ordinary ways or by electrolytic deposition.

l. The method oi vulcanizing rubber, that consists in arranging plural plies or thicknesses of rubber with separate intermediate layers of homogeneous conductive material and in passing 'through the entire body of the conductive material of said layers a current of electricity ot proper intensity and for sufficient time to effect the vulcanization of the rubber and then separating said rubber and conductive material.

2. l'lfhe method ot vulcanizing rubber that consists in arranging multiple-plies of rubber between independent plural layers of Hexible metal and in passing electric eurmetal and in passing through said layers rent through the metal coil to eEeet the Vul- 10 netal electrlie eulllrent of suiicint inltensitly canizaton of the rubber.

or proper engt of time to e ect t e vu Canization of the rubber. RAYMOND B PRICE' 3. The method of vuieanizng rubber, that Witnesses: V consists in ceiling together the sheet to be CHARLOTTE M. SCHULE, vulcanized, and a thin independent sheet of J. J. HOWLETr. 

